The results of the researches conducted in 1992-2011 on the study of the productivity of crop rotations with 50-100% concentration of spiked cereals are presented in the article. The advantage of classical crop rotations over highly specialized cereal crop rotations under the conditions of the concentration and specialization of agricultural industry is shown. It is established that the excessive specific weight of cereals in a crop rotation does not provide significant grain yield increase per hectare.

The conditions for winter wheat productivity formation in unstable moistening subzone of Forest Steppe of Ukraine according to the system of fertilizing, preceding crops and crop rotation saturation are studied. It is established that the highest yield of the studied crop is provided by its growing after pea and the lowest yield level is at sowing after early maturing soybean varieties. The research results of the impact of climatic conditions on the yield of winter wheat are presented.

The research results on the study of the dependence of winter triticale grain yield on preceding crops are presented in the article. It is established that by the response to the preceding crops, winter triticale is closer to wheat than to rye. Its cultivation after the unfavourable preceding crops is not compensated by the application of pesticides and the higher doses of nitrogen fertilizers.

The results on the study of the dependence of winter barley grain yield on preceding crops and basic soil cultivation techniques are presented in the article. It is established that when this crop is cultivated on loamy sand, nitrogen dose increase from N₈₀₊₂₀ to N₈₀₊₆₀ lowers the differences in grain yield between leguminous, cruciferous and cereal preceding crops from 15.4-17.7 to 4.5-10.3%. Disking of light loamy soil before winter barley sowing contributes to grain yield decrease by 7.2% as compared to ploughing. However, there is no yield decrease when ploughing is replaced by chiseling.

The research results on the study of the dependence of herbage yield of first-year clover on basic soil cultivation techniques used before cover crop sowing are presented in the article. It is established that direct barley sowing into uncultivated soil causes the decrease of the first-year clover herbage yield due to the lowering of seed field germination and weediness increase. On this basis, undersowing of clover is not advisable on the fields on which the cover crop is cultivated using the direct sowing technique.

The research results on the study of the effect of soil cultivation techniques, preceding crop straw and nitrogen fertilizers on winter rape oilseed yield are presented in the paper. It is established that the nitrogen dose of N_{100 + 100} provides the highest yield irrespective of the basic soil cultivation techniques. At the same level of nitrogen nutrition but when the straw is removed from the field and ploughing is replaced by chiseling or disking, the yield is decreased by 1.6 and 4.3%, respectively. When the straw is used as a fertilizer, these parameters are 3.1 and 5.0%. When the straw is used as a fertilizer, winter rape yield increase do not exceed 4.3% and is the highest one at rape growing after ploughing against the background of N_100+100.

As a result of the researches conducted, the species diversity of weeds dominating in the eastern part of Belarus, as well as on the vast majority of fields with tiller, grain and forage crops in the surveyed agricultural enterprises in the main districts of Vitebsk, Mogilev and Minsk regions is established.

The research results on the study of the effect of bastard fallow soil cultivation, the postharvest application of Roundup herbicide, as well as the use of pre- and postemergence herbicides for weed control on blue lupine crops are presented in the article. It is shown that at low efficiency of soil herbicides, the use of the mixture of Goltix and Betanal 22 herbicides or their analogues (0.75 + 0.5 l/ha) in the phase of 2-4 true leaves of blue lupine is advisable.

It is shown that in buckwheat cultivation on the fields with high level of weediness without herbicide application, the varieties of Vlada and Zhniajarka should be used. On the crops of such varieties as Alina, Ilija, Anita Belorusskaya, Vlada, the highest economic effect is provided by the use of the post-emergence herbicides of Betanal Expert OF + Lontrel 300 (0.75+0.22 l/ha) after the pre-emergence applying of Butisan Star (1.5 l/ha). The varieties of Ametist, Dikul, Karmen, Kupava, and Lakneya give the maximum net profit and profitability at the additional application of Fusilade Forte graminicide (1.5 l/ha). The varieties of Aleksandrina, Lena, Marta, Zhniajarka, Sapfir, Smuglyanka, and Feniks can be cultivated more cost-efficiently using the mentioned above mixture of the post-emergence herbicides and the graminicide but after the pre-emergence application of the preparations of Gesagard + Dialen Super (0.75+0.3 l/ha).

The results of the laboratory studies of the physical and chemical compatibility of pesticides and agrochemicals used on maize crops are presented in the article. It is possible to apply herbicides with UAN-32 liquid nitrogen fertilizer and also with Decis Extra insecticide used to protect maize from pests and weeds, and to improve plant growth and development.

The results of long-term researches on the efficiency evaluation of Butisan 400 SC herbicide on Brassica campestris L. crops for food purposes using pre-emergence and post-emergence mode of application are presented in the article. It has been established that pre-emergence treatment of the crops with 1.5-2.0 l/ha of the studied preparation decreases crop weediness by 69.1-90.4% and provides oilseed yield increase by 8.5-10.0 c/ha (47.8-56.2%). When Butisan 400 herbicide is used in the post-emergence period, its efficiency is lower and weed death is 57.5-77.2%, and the oilseed yield increase is 2.8-7.4 c/ha (15.7-41.6%).

Urgent problems of arable farming in Tatarstan and ways of their solution are discussed in the article. Introduction of adaptive and landscape system of arable farming maximally using energy capacity of agrolandscape and biological factors of the intensification of agricultural production allows at Земледелие и растениеводство most solving the problems of conservation and expanded soil fertility recovery as well as pasture yield increase. On the basis of field crop rotations, resource saving technologies of agricultural crop cultivation have been developed.

The results of the influence of primary tillage and fertilizer levels on the changes of soil microbiological properties, the dynamics of a water-soluble and labile compound of the organic matter and the formation of humus group composition in winter wheat crops under the conditions of a fivecourse rotation are presented.

The research results on the studies of the yield of new spring soft wheat varieties (Laska, Lyubava, Sudarynya, Vestochka, Lastochka, Chaika) as well as their nitrogen consumption and use depending on the level of nitrogen nutrition are presented in the article. It is shown that by grain yield, the new varieties are not worse than the standard (var. Rassvet) or even exceed it. They consume almost the same nitrogen amount in the period of vegetation as the standard but use the nitrogen better for grain yield formation.

The research results on the efficiency of the use of nitrogen fertilizers and Rex Duo fungicide in oat cultivation var. Lidiya are presented. It has been established that Rex Duo fungicide (0.6 l/ha) provides the highest effect at pre-sowing application of N₉₀ as well as using N₉₀ before sowing and additionally N₃₀ in the phase of tillering. Grain yield at that is 67.1-69.7 c/ha, and net profit makes up 950-965 thousand roubles per hectare. Split nitrogen application (N₆₀ in pre-sowing cultivation and N30 in the phase of tillering) does not have significant advantage as compared to single N₉₀ application before sowing.

The research results on the study of the impact of some cultivation technology elements on the productivity of soybean crops under the conditions of Poltava region are presented in the article. It is shown that at early sowing terms soybean plants are inferior in growth and development to the plants of optimal and late sowing terms. It is established that the application of mineral fertilizers and pre-sowing inoculation of soybean seeds increaseses grain yield by 10-14% regardless of the period of sowing.

The results of the application of mineral fertilizers, boron, and Epin in the cultivation of buckwheat var. Lakneya are presented in the article. The efficiency of the combining use of boron and Epin against the background of N₄₅P₆₀K₉₀ in seed incrustation and in the treatment of vegetative plants for yield increase in the studied variety is shown. It is established that the use of boron provides higher thousand-kernel weight especially when it is applied in seed incrustation.

The research results on the study of the dynamics of the content of main nutrients in pea plants during the growing season depending on the factors of intensification are presented in the article.

The data on the influence of organic and phosphate-potassium fertilizers on yield removal and accumulation of plant nutrition elements in soil by eastern galega cultivated for seeds are presented in the article. It is shown that the highest removal and the accumulation of plant nutrition elements are provided by the application of 50 t manure per hectare and phosphatepotassium fertilizers in the dose of Р₆₀К₉₀. At the end of the vegetation period of the sixth year, the content of nitrogen in a plough layer was 302-325 kg/ha, phosphorus and potassium contents were 99.4-102 and 169-179 kg/ha, respectively. However, on cohesive sandy loam soils of Polesje zone of Belarus under the conditions of sufficient moisture, lodging of seed grass stands is marked at the application of 50 t manure per hectare before seed plot establishment and annual use of Р₆₀К₉₀

The results of the researches for 2012-2014 on the study of the effect of seed sowing rates of winter rape of Lider variety, Dnepr F1 and Vektra F₁ hybrids on overwintering, plant density and yield are presented. It is established that under the conditions of the central part of Belarus, the optimum seed sowing rate is 0.8-1.0 million seeds per hectare for Lider variety, 0.6-0.8 million seeds per hectare for Dnepr F₁ hybrid, and 0.6-0.9 million seeds per hectare for Vektra F₁ hybrid. Both the increase of the sowing rate to 1.2 million seeds per hectare and the decrease to 0.3 million seeds per hectare causes the decrease of the oilseed yield of the variety and the hybrids.

The direct proportion between maize herbage yield increase and plant density increase (from 80 to 120 plants per hectare) is established. Midripening and middle-late hybrids exceed middle-early hybrids in the herbage yield by 30-40%, respectively. However, in the central zone of Belarus, the highest dry matter yield and its quality is shown by the middle-early hybrid of Polessky 195SV (FAO 200) at harvesting in the wax-ripeness stage of grain (September 3-13) and mid-ripening Belkos 250 (FAO 250) at harvesting two weeks later and at plant stand density equaled to 100-120 thousand plants per hectare for the first one and 80-100 thousand plants for the second.

On average for 1996-2013, due to climate warming in Belarus, effective heat sum (above 5°C) from 1 September to the end of the autumn growing season increased by 25-35 degrees compared to N which led to a shift in the optimum sowing terms to the later calendar dates. It is shown that as a result of climate warming, the optimal terms of the beginning of winter cereal sowing shifted by 3-8 days and the end of the sowing by 2-6 days in the analyzed period. The optimal sowing terms for certain meteorological points within each region are given.

The effect of sowing terms on yield formation, thousand-kernel weight and protein content in spring barley grain var. Brovar and Silfild is shown. It is established that delay with sowing dates causes yield decrease and grain quality deterioration.

The results of the studies on the effect of different cultivation technologies of winter wheat on grain yield and quality in the northern Forest Steppe of Ukraine for 2010–2012 are presented in the paper. The technological methods of increasing the yield and quality of grain depending on the variety are proven. It is established that the highest yield of such winter wheat varieties as Artemida (6.95 t/ha) and Ermak (5.97 t/ha) with grain quality class 2 is obtained by the energy saturated cultivation technology which provides for ploughing pea predecessor straw under soil, the application of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N₁₈₀Р₁₃₅К₁₃₅,the use of an integrated system for plant protecting against pests. The presented results of the studies show that the content of heavy metals and nitrates in the grain of winter wheat was at the maximum allowable limit or below it, regardless the variety, the system of fertilizing, and the plant protection system.

The researches conducted allowed to establish the optimal dose of nitrogen fertilizer application for Bielaya Viezha tetraploid variety (split application of N₁₂₀ (90+30 kg/ha)) which provided the highest yield increase with protein content of 12.6% as well as positive variety response to double application of retardants.

The research results on the study of the influence of such agrotechnical techniques as sowing terms, sowing rates, and doses of nitrogen fertilizers on grain and herbage yield are presented. It is shown that the maximum millet grain and herbage yield is formed at sowing in the first ten-day period of June with sowing rate of 5.0 mln./ha germinable seeds and using 90 kg/ha background of mineral nitrogen. At such combination, three-year average grain and herbage yields were 39.6 and 348.5 c/ha, respectively.

The biological and economic efficiency of new fungicide Triada, ССS against leaf diseases and ear diseases of spiked cereals under field conditions is shown.

The research results on the study of the dependence of yield and quality of sugar beet roots on the application of microelements and fungicides are presented in the article. It is established that at the increased content of the microelements in soil, the highest yield of Klarina hybrid is provided by the use of Rex Duo fungicide against the background of Polikom Svekla microfertilizer. It is shown that the application of the fungicides influences the root quality more significantly than the use of the microelements.

The results of the route surveys of potato crops in Belarus for the evaluation of the occurrence of potato bacterial black leg and soft rot are presented. The dependence of potato affection by diseases on weather conditions has been established. The strain composition of the causative agents of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. atrosepticum, their biology and correlation in dependence of the region of cultivation and a potato variety has been studied. It is established that the ratio of the subspecies of black leg causative agents differs both by regions and varieties. Certain heterogeneity of the strain composition by biological and morphological properties has been observed.

The results on the study of the efficiency of the application of Fitovital growth regulator in winter triticale cultivation are presented in the article. It is established that on peat-bog soils under the conditions of autumn frosts before snow cover formation, the use of this preparation (0.6 l/ha) at DC 12-13 stage provides grain yield increase of 12.8%, and its use at DC 37-39 stage gives 12.1% of yield increase. On sod-podzolic soils in the absence of extreme conditions in autumn and winter period, the mentioned above parameters are 1.9-5.5 and 3.3-9.5% depending on the intensity of fungicide use. Fitovital application at stage DC 61-69 increases grain yield by 7.6%, at the stages DC 71-73 and DC 73-77 by 2.3 and 1.3%, respectively.

On grey forest soils of the experimental field of the Institute of Agroecology and Natural Resource Management, the impact of new microbial substance “Embionik” on agricultural crops was examined. The dependence of the yield and product quality on the application of microbial fertilizers was shown. The preparation was of high efficiency. The using of microbial substance “Embionik” causes the increasing of grain yield of spring wheat var. Kollektivnaya by 32.4-36.5%, protein content by 1.23-1.88%, yield of corn silage mass by 31.6-34.2%, yield of corn grain by 38.6-46.0%, soybean yield by 25.1-46.9%, protein content by 2.69-3.10%.

The predictive models of dry matter content in plants of cereal crops are designed by near infrared spectra using the modified partial least square method. On the basis of calibration characteristics and the results of their testing, the following conclusion can be made: the near infrared spectroscopy can be used for the determination of dry matter content in plants of cereal crops.

In maize grain during the period of its maturity, the level of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids of total lipids gradually increased. It was established that during the process of the maturity, fatty acid content in the grain increased under the influence of mineral fertilizers and in the case when maize plants were treated with Zeastimulin growth regulator.

The state of fodder production in Belarus is analyzed in the article. The main ways of its development directed to the increasing of plant protein production are shown. The research results of the productivity of perennial leguminous grasses and postharvest catch crops are presented.

The correlation dependence of rainfall was mean and high positive and depended on the maturity group of potato varieties. In early and mid-early varieties of potato, a correlation coefficient was positive (0.386...0.419), in mid-ripening and mid-late varieties it was high positive (0.664...0.697). The optimal amount of precipitation in May and June for the early and mid-early potato varieties was from 200 to 250 mm, which provided an average yield of 33.9 and 34.8 t/ha, and for the mid-ripening and mid-late varieties those indices were as follows: from 200 to 300 mm – 36.3 and 37.4 t/ha. Under the conditions of both higher and lower precipitation, potato yield decrease was marked.

Climate tendencies, such as changes of average air temperatures and rainfall distribution, the occurrence and distribution of weather anomalies (frosts, droughts, squall winds) with reference to the agricultural production of the Republic of Belarus are presented in the article. Ways of minimizing of crop output losses through the improvement of acreage and crop rotation structure, cultivation technologies, and breeding are discussed. Positive effects of climate changes for plant growing are analyzed, and means of their involvement into the production are proposed.

The method for developing tetraploid rye (Secale cereale L., 4x = 28) involving wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genetic material has been experimentally substantiated. The research results of introgressive hybridization of tetraploid rye with hexaploid triticale (Triticosecale Wittm., 6x = 42) – an intermediate species and source of wheat genome chromosomes are described. The data on the karyotypic composition of rye-triticale hybrids F₁BC₁ produced by the chromosome differential staining method (C-banding) are presented.

In the article, the basic results of a restoration index studying in F₁ heterosis hybrids with the use of different types of cytoplasmatic male sterility (CMS) are stated. Rather the low level of pollen restoration for “Pampa” type CMS at the majority of F₁experimental hybrids is established. It is shown that the use of the gene of fertility restoration from the Iranian rye can essentially raise the restoration index, but the effect of the gene is different at the use of various parent ms-forms. Studying of the restoration index in F₁ heterosis hybrids on the basis of G-CMS has shown that all inbred-lines used as a male component are reliable restorers irrespective of a female component.

The results of the work on the development of self-pollinated winter rye lines using self-fertility genes are presented in the article. It is shown that the use of a self-fertility donor allows conducting a large-scale inbreeding program and increasing the significance of the identification of the best lines with different genotype qualities. The development of genetically various material enables to use winter rye potential in heterosis breeding more effectively that will create the basis for the yield increase of rye hybrids more than by 15%.

The possibility of alfalfa breeding using saturation crosses and selfpollination is discussed. To achieve these aims, it is proposed to combine the use of interspecific hybridization and a method of saturation crosses, modifying the latter through the use of “sf” self-compatibility mutant gene and contrast genomic markers, such as the colour of flower petals, bean shape and the turnover number of a bean coil what allows controlling a part of a genome in a particular plant genotype. On the basis of the method of saturation crosses, a new population called Narechena Pivnochi has been developed.

The analysis of polymorphism of such genes as Glu-А1x, Glu-B1x and Glu-B1y, Glu-D1x and Glu-D1y controlling synthesis of storage seed proteins (glutenins) was conducted in 45 variety samples of winter wheat. Probable bread-making qualities of the studied lines were estimated. The test results of Belarusian wheat samples showed that among them, a high share of allels in Glu-А1 and Glu-В1 loci influencing the bread-making qualities negatively, and d allel in Glu-D1 locus contributing positively to flour quality, was observed. As a result of the researches conducted, genotypes containing favourable combinations of the alleles of high-molecular-weight glutenins were isolated. 4 variety samples with the highest indices of breadmaking qualities (10 points) were found out. The lowest overall breadmaking estimate was in the variety samples in which parents were only West-European varieties, such as STH 729, STH 735, Kubus, Kriss, STH 583, STH 1198, Kontur, Kornet, and as well as when Belarusian varieties with low bread-making qualities (Schara and Garmoniya) were used.

The analysis of the field studies of spring soft wheat samples from VIR (N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry) world collection in order to find out the sources of economic characters for their targeted use in breeding process under the conditions of Belarus was conducted.

The research results on the study of a spring barley collection are presented in the paper. The following collection barley samples were isolated and proposed as potential sources of high agronomic characters and brewing qualities of grain: with the yield of the level of standard Mahutny (56-70 w q/ha); short-stalked (up to 70 cm); with high thousand-kernel weight (50-57 g); with resistance to net blotch and powdery mildew (score 9-8); with protein content not more than 11.5%.

The results of the study of the collection of leafless and leafy pea varieties by the complex of morphological and agronomic characters are presented in the article. Physiological peculiarities of the leafless pea varieties and their possible influence on yield elements are discussed. It is established that the leafless morphotype is less resistant to moisture deficit and can lodge what complicates the harvesting of the crops very much.

The results of the study of pea collection material including 83 varietal samples are presented in the article. The most valuable samples were selected by seed productivity. Donors of main agronomic characters were determined. The obtained data can be used in the development of producible and highyielding varieties of this crop and appropriate breeding directions can be worked out.

The results of the longstanding studies of spring vetch collection samples of N.I. Vavilov Poltava State Agricultural Experimental Station, their response to changes of environmental conditions, an analysis of the indices of ecological plasticity are presented in the paper. As a result of the conducted researches, the forms characterized by a high genotypic effect and a medium plasticity level (R_i) have been isolated. These forms successfully combine relatively high productivity potential with relatively stable manifestation of it and as initial material are of the most interest for the adaptive breeding. The forms with a high regression coefficient (ecological plasticity) have the “internal” reserve for productivity increase which enables them to implement their genetic potential at the improvement of vegetation conditions. These forms may be valuable for the use in intensive breeding technologies or in the breeding of the varieties oriented toward such technologies.

The article is devoted to the study of differences in vernalization requirement (exposure to low positive temperatures for transition to generative development of plants) of winter soft wheat varieties developed at Myronivka Institute of Wheat in comparison with the varieties of other breeding institutions. Most modern varieties of Myronivka Institute of Wheat (65%) are characterized by short duration of the vernalization requirement (30-40 days). The differences in the vernalization requirement between varieties from the breeding institutions located in different climatic zones were revealed. The study of the vernalization requirement of some modern varieties of Ukraine and Russia (83 samples) showed significant predominance (73%) of varieties with the short vernalization requirement (30-40 days).

The results of the evaluation of promising soft winter wheat lines by the parameters of adaptivity and grain quality in 2010-2012 using different sowing terms and preceding crops are presented in the article. Basing on the researches conducted, the best lines, such as Lutescens 54630 (transferred to the State Variety Testing of Ukraine in 2012 under the name of Bereginya Mironovskaya), Lutescens 54739 (in 2013 – Gospodynya Mironovskaya), and Lutescens 54533 were isolated.

The information about the degree of the genetic diversity of initial material is important for the development of new varieties. The object of the researches is 32 varieties of spring soft wheat from the collection of the National Bank of Plant Genetic Resources of the Republic of Belarus. The method of electrophoretic analysis of storage proteins can be used for genetic differentiation of variety samples and establishing relationship between them.

The method for planning of cross combinations is described. It is based on making square equation of polynominal regression of productivity using data of accessions’ field study. Such regression model includes the elements of productivity structure and economically significant traits which are closely correlated with productivity. The average percent of the difference between actual values of the traits of accession (or planned cross combination) and optimal values according to the model is used as a criterion for prediction of breeding value. “Aggregation distance” is used as an additional criterion for consideration of transgressions probability. It characterizes degree of similarity of parental forms, which is based on complementarity of breedingvaluable traits. Oat collection data analysis revealed accessions and hypothetical cross combinations which were perspective for breeding of highly productive varieties.

The process of the development of spring triticale variety Normann on the basis of the international cooperation of breeders, testing results, the morphological characteristics and the biological peculiarities of the variety are shown in the paper.

Comparative evaluation of Bromopsis inermis hybrids by the indices of leaf water deficit and leaf water-retaining capacity was conducted to find out drought resistant variety samples.
The least water deficit of leaves was observed in the hybrids in which a steppe ecotype was used as the maternal parent. The water-retaining capacity of Bromopsis inermis leaves was significantly higher in the hybrids in which one of the parents was of the steppe ecotype.

Literature review shows the increasing role of statistical data processing using multivariate analysis in breeding. Factor analysis was conducted, and such informative characters as “seed yield”, “resistance to lodging”, “oil content”, “oil yield” were found. As a result of clustering of samples in the control oil flax nursery by the informative characters, forms for breeding purposes contrasting by phenotype were isolated.

The research results on the study of the effect of sowing rates, nitrogen fertilizer doses, biophysical regulation, chemical plant protection means on spring wheat and barley seed yield and efficiency are presented in the article. The economic evaluation of the efficiency of the use of crop cultivation technology elements proposed for the implementation is done.

Feasibility of use of electrophoresis method of storage proteins in the selection of elite ears in spring triticale seed growing has been established. The use of this method provides the production of high-quality original seeds of the nursery of the first year of multiplication without yield decrease and allows to refuse testing nurseries of the second year progenies in seed growing schemes.